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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 

DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 

Publication No. 9 



FORMER SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP 

TO SOUTH AMERICA 

1915 

BY 

OTTO SCHOENRICH 



PUBLISHED BY THE ENDOWMENT 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

1915 



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OF 

THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR 
INTERNATIONAL PEACE 



fVcar Book for 1911; Year Book for 1912; Year Book for 1913-1914; 

Year Book for 1915. 

Division of Intercourse and Education 

MiPORT ON OBSERVATIONS MADE 

in China and Japan in 1912. By Dr. Charles W. Eliot. 
vtion'al Progress in 1913. By Professor Dr. 

WlLHElM FaSZKOWSKI. 

toNAi Exi with Japan. By Dr. Hamilton W. 

Maiue. 

of the i mission to inquire into the 

.lkan Wars. 
Yltural Relations Between the United 
the Other Republics of America. By Dr. 
Ha \rd. 

By T. Miyac 
rn our Latin American Neighbors: 
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ish, Portuguese and French. 
> Trip to South America. By Otto 
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k in the Near East. By a Diflomatist. 

Published by the 
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. LL.D. 
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RTES 

S OF THE I' 

"he Report 

nber 7. IS 

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4 The I (I) for thi 

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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 

DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION 

Publication No. 9 



FORMER SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP 

TO SOUTH AMERICA 

1915 

BY 

OTTO SCHOENRICH 



PUBLISHED BY THE ENDOWMENT 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

1915 

- 



^2££ 3 



By transfer 

FEB 4 1916 



PREFACE 

It is a satisfaction to be able to make public the following outline 
of the visit made to South American countries by the Hon. Theodore 
E. Burton, lately United States Senator from Ohio, during the spring 
and early summer of 1915. Mr. Burton's trip, following so closely 
upon that of Mr. Robert Bacon, has plainly done much to extend and 
develop that sympathy between the various American Republics as 
well as that more complete understanding between them which is so 
marked a feature of the history of the past few years. The people 
of the two American continents are being made increasingly conscious 
of the fact that they share a common obligation and a common oppor- 
tunity toward the maintenance and perfection of democratic institu- 
tions. Despite great variance in population, in natural resources, in 
area, and in climate, the South American Republics have a large com- 
mon fund of principles and of ideals. It is becoming that no effort 
should be spared to emphasize this fact and to make it so plain that he 
who runs may read. 

Toward the accomplishment of this end no agency is likely to be 
more effective than frequent international visits on the part of gen- 
uinely representative men. To promote and to develop this form of 
activity is one of the chief functions of the Division of Intercourse 
and Education. 

Nicholas Murray Butler, 

Acting Director. 
November 10, 1915. 



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FORMER SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP 
TO SOUTH AMERICA 

Washington, August 16, igi 5. 

Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Acting Director, 

Division of Intercourse and Education. 
Sir: 

To my regret I find myself unable to comply with the suggestion 
to prepare a comprehensive report of the trip of Senator Theodore E. 
Burton to South America. Not anticipating that such a report would 
be desired, I made no notes with that end in view, and at the conclusion 
of the trip turned over to Senator Burton the documents, clippings, etc., 
which had been accumulated on the way. I am, therefore, obliged to 
confine myself to a brief and general narrative, which I take pleasure 
in submitting. 

The trip embraced the capitals of every country of South America 
except Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. The party consisted of 
Senator Theodore E. Burton, Mr. Robert F. Wilson, who is the Wash- 
ington representative of The Cleveland Leader, and myself. We left 
New York March 20 and pursued the following itinerary : 



Colon 


Juliaca 


Montevideo 


Panama 


Cuzco 


Parana and 


Paita 


Lake Titicaca 


Paraguay Rivers 


Salaverry 


La Paz 


Asuncion 


Trujillo 


Arica 


Uruguayana 


Callao 


Valparaiso 


Sao Paulo 


Lima 


Santiago de Chile 


Rio de Janeiro 


Mollendo 


Mendoza 


Bahia 


Arequipa 


Buenos Aires 


New York. 



We arrived in New York June 25. 

In every one of the countries visited Senator Burton met the Presi- 
dent and principal men, as well as many Governors of States, and other 
local authorities of places where we stopped. He was everywhere 
shown special attention. A banquet given him by the Government of 
Peru was extraordinary in its appointments. The Governments of 
Bolivia and Paraguay were especially pleased by his visit; for few 
travelers brave the discomforts and dangers of a journey to the Bo- 



I CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

livian plateau, while Paraguay is even further off the beaten track. 
Senator Burton made an address before the Paraguayan Senate, and 
the Government of that country gave him a luncheon on one of their 
gunboats. 

In his conversations with public men and other distinguished citi- 
zens, Senator Burton advocated closer intellectual relations between the 
United States and the countries of South America, and better under- 
standing, more intercourse and increased commerce, as well as friendly 
cooperation for the progress of the world. His sentiments were 
heartily reciprocated. I was assured by diplomatic and consular offi- 
cers of the United States that his visit was invaluable in promoting 
better relations, for they immediately noticed an increase of cordiality 
on the part of the authorities. Senator Burton's pleasant manner and 
prudent words, indicating his kindly disposition and deep learning, 
could not fail to make a strong impression. Interviews given to the 
newspapers along the route, especially at Buenos Aires, undoubtedly 
exerted a good influence. The Senator delivered addresses before 
schools at several places, such as La Paz and Santiago, and before 
assemblies of our own citizens in Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Rio 
de Janeiro, giving them encouragement and good advice. At the same 
time he made an exhaustive study of social, economic and political 
conditions in the various countries. 

Among the matters specially recommended by Senator Burton were 
participation in the Pan American Medical Congress to be held in San 
Francisco, in June, 1915, participation in the Pan American Scientific 
Congress to be opened in Washington in December, 1915, and a more 
general and concerted development of international law. With refer- 
ence to the Medical Congress, something was accomplished, but much 
less than the Senator had desired, as the time for its sessions was 
nearly at hand. Unfortunately, too short a notice seems to have been 
given of this Congress, and no attempt appears to have been made to 
circulate any kind of a program ; the meagre extent to which the 
United States participated in the Sixth Pan American Medical Con- 
gress in Lima, in 1913, was also not calculated to inspire enthusiasm. 
The recommendations made with reference to the Pan American Scien- 
tific Congress met with a more general response. The pamphlets given 
me. with the preliminary program of the Scientific Congress, were 
distributed and proved very opportune. Too little is known about 
this Congress in South America, and it is advisable that every effort 
be made to bring it to the attention of the leading men and newspapers. 

Senator Burton also strongly indorsed the organization of societies 
of international conciliation, and national societies of international law. 



SENATOR BURTON S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 3 

to be affiliated with the American Institute of International Law. 
With respect to the societies of international law, pamphlets on 
that subject were distributed in the various countries, and evidently 
much appreciated. The Peruvian Society of International Law 
was found to be leading a passive existence, owing to the impres- 
sion that nothing was to be done until the end of the European war; 
but on learning of the plans for the first meeting of the Institute, the 
leaders promised to continue actively in the final organization of the 
society. In Bolivia, the Minister of Foreign Affairs showed great in- 
terest in such a society and promised to take up the matter. In Chile, 
Dr. Alejandro Alvarez was much pleased to receive the pamphlets, for 
they would assist him in perfecting the Chilean organization, in stimu- 
lating activity in Bolivia, and in obtaining the organization of a society 
in Ecuador. In Argentina, Dr. Luis M. Drago promised to take up 
the matter as soon as possible.* The Uruguayan Society has made 
much progress ; it was inaugurated with imposing ceremonies, and an 
eloquent address was delivered by its President, Dr. Zorrilla de San 
Martin, on May 12, on the occasion of the visit to Montevideo of Dr. 
Lauro Muller, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil. The Minister 
of Foreign Affairs of Paraguay also accepted with interest the sug- 
gestion to organize such a society. Several of the leaders of the Bra- 
zilian Society were absent at the time of our visit, but the pamphlets 
were delivered to other members. 

With reference to local societies of international conciliation and of 



*Since this report was written, a complete organization of a national branch 
of the American Institute of International Law has been effected in Argentina, 
with Dr. Luis M. Drago as its President and active spirit. The following is a 
list of the other National Institutes already effective in South America, with a 
list of their officers so far as reported : 

Argentine Republic. — Luis M. Drago, President; Eduardo Sarmiento Las- 
piur, Sec'y Gen'l. 

Bolivia. — Victor E. Sanjines, President; Alberto D. de Medina, Sec'y; Dario 
Gutierrez, Treas. 

Brazil — Amaro Cavalcanti, Chairman; Manoel Peregrino de Silva, Sec'y; 
Alfredo Pinto, Treas. 

Chile. — Luis Barros Borgoho, President; Ricardo Montaner Bello, Sec'y; 
Jorje Errazuriz Tagle, Treas. 

Costa Rica. — Luis Anderson, President; Claudio Gonzalez Rucavado, Sec'y; 
Ezequiel Gutierrez, Treas. 

Dominican Republic. — No list of officers. 

Guatemala. — No list of officers. 

Mexico. — No list of officers. 

Nicaragua. — Modesto Barrios, President ; Francisco Paniagua Prado, Sec'y. 

Panama. — Federico Boyd, Honorary President; Samuel Lewis, President; 
E. Hazera, Sec'y. 

Peru. — Ramon Ribeyro, President; Jose Matias Manzanilla, Vice-President; 
Juan Bautista de Lavalle, Sec'y; Anibal Maurtua, Treas. 

Uruguay. — No list of officers. 

Venezuela. — No list of officers. 



4 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

international law, Senator Burton's recommendations were a continua- 
tion of the work so well initiated by Hon. Robert Bacon during his 
journey through South America two years ago, when I had the honor 
to accompany him. The seeds sowed by Mr. Bacon have borne good 
fruit and their results will become more apparent as time goes on. As 
a consequence of his trip, societies for international conciliation 
were founded in several countries, and a national society of inter- 
national law was founded in every country he visited except the 
Argentine Republic, that is to say, in Brazil, Uruguay, Chile and Peru. 
In the Argentine Republic, untoward circumstances have delayed the 
organization of such a society, but the ground is prepared and the 
seed is there. The influence of his suggestions has penetrated to other 
countries of South America. Wherever he went, his distinguished per- 
sonality and courteous manner left an agreeable impression and he is 
pleasantly remembered by all who met him. 

Another distinguished American who has accomplished invaluable 
results in bringing the North and South closer together is Hon. Elihu 
Root. It is safe to say that no citizen of our country is more widely 
admired, respected and beloved in Latin America. He, better than any- 
one else, has been able to lay before Latin America the true disposi- 
tion of the United States with reference to the southern republics. The 
memory of his great trip in 1906, and of the words of encouragement 
and assurance which he uttered, is fresh in the minds of all. 

We had abundant opportunity to observe the value of such inter- 
national visits of distinguished men and their effect in promoting 
friendly relations. Mr. Root and Mr. Bacon were everywhere referred 
to with affection. In going down the west coast, we found the visit of 
the Hon. William J. Bryan well remembered, and on the east coast and 
in the interior the visit of Hon. Theodore Roosevelt was often men- 
tioned. 

A more detailed account of the trip is here given. 

New York to Peru 

At noon, on March 20, 1915, we left New York on the United Fruit 
Steamer Metapan, and after a cold and rough voyage entered the har- 
bor of Havana, March 24. Here the steamer remained for twenty- 
four hours; but owing to quarantine regulations on the Canal Zone, 
none of the passengers in transit were permitted to disembark, nor 
were visitors from the city allowed on board. After several days more 
on the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, we arrived at Colon 
at daybreak on March 29. 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 5 

Senator Burton was received by the captain of the port and an aide 
of Governor Goethals, as well as by the Governor of Colon, Mr. Ruben 
S. Arcia, who, by order of the Panamanian Government, came in per- 
son to welcome him. Unfortunately, our stay on the Isthmus was 
restricted to a few hours, as the steamer we were to take at Panama 
was ready to sail. We made the most of the time, motored to Gatun 
with Governor Arcia and saw vessels passing through the great locks ; 
then continued by railroad automobile to Gamboa, where we took a 
gasoline launch through Culebra Cut; and then went on to Panama, 
meeting Governor Goethals on the way. In the City of Panama, Sena- 
tor Burton called on President Belisario Porras, and had a cordial 
conversation with him. After lunch at the Tivoli Hotel, where we met 
the American Minister, William Jennings Price, General Clarence R. 
Edwards, and other American functionaries, we hastened to Balboa 
and boarded the Peruvian steam Ucayali, which sailed at 2 p.m. 

The Pacific Ocean was true to its name. On March 31 we crossed 
the equator and on the following day entered the Gulf of Guayaquil. 
We sailed up the wide, muddy bay and river, through a forest region 
where the banks were covered with dense tropical vegetation, then 
through a flat grazing country with much cattle, and in the afternoon 
anchored before the city of Guayaquil. Quarantine regulations in Peru 
forbade our landing in the principal city of Ecuador, but we derived 
much information from conversations with officials and merchants who 
came aboard. The vessel loaded and unloaded all night and sailed the 
next morning. Before sailing, we saw, far to the northeast above the 
clouds, the summit of Chimborazo, a giant cone with a broken top. 
By evening we had emerged from Ecuadorean waters, and were abreast 
of Puerto Pizarro, where the conqueror of Peru made his first landing 
in the confines of that country; it is a small village at the edge of a 
large plain, near the city of Tumbez. From here the character of the 
coast changed, and treeless arid hills became its feature. 

Peru. 

Soon after dawn on April 3, our vessel entered the semi-circular 
harbor of Paita, surrounded by arid bluffs. We went ashore with the 
American consular agent, Mr. Charles G. B. Wilson, and the represen- 
tative of W. R. Grace & Company, and visited the custom house, the 
little plaza with its struggling plants and the two old churches, and 
walked through several of the narrow, dusty streets, bordered by small 
bright-colored houses, and glaring in the sunlight. 
. Further down the coast, the steamer anchored off Eten, half con- 



6 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

cealed on a sandy shore next to a sandy mountain, where the sea was 
rough and the passengers who disembarked were lowered to lighters 
in a barrel cut out on one side. It also stopped at Pacasmayo, another 
small town on the edge of the sea in arid surroundings. The next stop 
was at Salaverry, a little port town sheltered by a rocky headland on 
the outskirts of the desert. Here we went ashore with the American 
consul, Mr. John B. Brophy, and had time to take the train to the city 
of Trujillo, lying not far from the coast, in an irrigated river valley. 
Though our stay was limited to a few hours, we were able to see the 
principal streets and churches, and have talks with several prominent 
merchants. 

On the next day, April 6, we arrived in the harbor of Callao, and 
were met by the American Minister, Hon. Benton McMillin, our consul 
general, Hon. William W. Handley, and by the official representative 
of the Peruvian Foreign Office, Mr. German Cisneros y Raygada, who 
took us ashore in a navy barge and on to Lima in a special electric car. 

The week spent at Lima was crowded with visits and trips for sight- 
seeing and study, interviews with prominent men, and social functions 
where Senator Burton was enabled to meet many of the most dis- 
tinguished Peruvians and foreigners. There are few cities so rich in 
historical associations as the old capital from which the Spanish vice- 
roys ruled their vast dominions. We visited the great cathedral and 
the ancient church and monastery of San Francisco with its secluded 
inner court ; the old government palace which has been the home of 
viceroys and governors from the time of Pizarro ; the old Inquisition 
building now occupied by the Peruvian Senate ; the city hall, the house 
of Torre-Tagle, one of the most interesting specimens of the home of a 
noble Spanish family in America; and the valuable collection of an- 
tiquities belonging to Senator Javier Prado y Ugarteche. It is most 
unfortunate that not more effort has been made to preserve the price- 
less relics of Peruvian history. Ignorance, indifference and cupidity 
have been responsible for the destruction and scattering of antiquities 
since the Spanish conquest; and even now the National Museum con- 
taining the great collection of the Peruvian Government is located on 
the second floor of a building which is not fire proof, and is closed for 
lack of funds. 

The buildings and institutions which indicate the trend of the present 
are also of interest. We visited the National Library, the archive room, 
the home of the Geographical Society, the University of San Marcos, 
the School of Medicine, and the Engineering School. Everywhere Sen- 
ator Burton was courteously received and shown around. At the Uni- 
versity, the rector, Dr. Jose Pardo, then presidential candidate and now 



SENATOR BURTON S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 7 

president-elect of Peru, and members of all the faculties, accompanied 
Senator Burton through the building. 

A trip to Rio Blanco, on the Central Railroad of Peru, arranged by 
Mr. W. L. Morkill, President of the Peruvian Corporation, gave an 
idea of the difficulty of railroad construction in the Peruvian moun- 
tains and afforded views of magnificent mountain scenery. 

Among the many gentlemen with whom Senator Burton enjoyed in- 
terviews were the President of Peru, Gen. Oscar Benavides ; the Min- 
ister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Solon Polo ; Dr. Jose Pardo, rector of the 
University and now president-elect of Peru; his brother, Mr. Felipe 
Pardo, formerly Minister to the United States ; Dr. J. M. Manzanilla, 
Dr. Anibal Maurtua, Dr. Juan Bautista de Lavalle, Dr. Javier Prado y 
Ugarteche and Dr. Eleodoro Romero, professors at the University, and 
several of them prominent in political life ; Mr. Augusto Durand, a 
political leader; Messrs. Victor and Federico Pezet; Dr. Ernesto 
Odriozola, dean of the School of Medicine; Dr. Fernando Fuchs, of 
the Engineering School ; Mr. Emilio Ortiz de Zevallos ; and Mr. Isaias 
Pierola. Messrs. Manzanilla, Maurtua and Lavalle showed especial 
interest in the Scientific Congress to be held in Washington, and in the 
Peruvian Society of International Law, and gave valuable suggestions. 
With many others Senator Burton became acquainted during his visits 
to the various public institutions and at social gatherings, especially at a 
reception given in his honor by Consul General and Mrs. Handley, at 
lunches given by Mr. and Mrs. Felipe Pardo and the British Minister, 
Mr. Ernest A. Rennie, and at dinners given by the American Minister 
and Mrs. McMillin, and by President Benavides. 

Too much can not be said of the generous hospitality of the Peruvian 
Government. President Benavides, Minister of Foreign Affairs Polo, 
and every official with whom we came in contact did their utmost to 
make our stay agreeable and instructive. Mr. German Cisneros, the 
introducer of diplomats, was our constant and indefatigable companion 
and guide. The attentions shown us by the Government culminated in 
a sumptuous banquet given to Senator Burton by His Excellency, 
President Benavides, at which the floral decorations were remarkable 
in their oddity and beauty. The banquet was attended by the mem- 
bers of the Cabinet and their wives, and many other distinguished 
persons. Among those present were President Benavides ; Col. Abrill, 
President of the Council of Ministers ; Mr. Polo, Minister of Foreign 
Affairs ; Mr. Benavides, Minister of the Interior ; Mr. Jibenez, Minis- 
ter of Justice ; Mr. Oyanguren, Minister of Finance ; Mr. Alayza, Min- 
ister of Public Works ; and Mr. Carmona, Mayor of Lima. On this 
occasion, and everywhere in Peru, it was gratifying to hear from all 



i< CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

sides the kindest expressions of affection and admiration of the Peru- 
vians for the United States. 

It was with regret that we left Lima and embarked at Callao. On 
the second day after our departure, the vessel arrived at Mollendo, 
where we disembarked in a rough surf and took the train for Arequipa. 
This trip was one of the most beautiful features of the whole journey. 
The train passed first over bare, stony hills, then in zigzag curves 
climbed mountains with magnificent views of the distant ocean, then 
crossed a barren plain with strange crescent-shaped sand dunes, then 
climbed above another mountain ridge from which an imposing view 
was obtained of an arid rugged plateau, like a frozen yellow sea, and 
finally followed a ravine which gradually widened into the plain of 
Arequipa. 

We were fortunate in making connections at Mollendo with the tri- 
weekly train. One of the difficulties of travel in South America is the 
uncertainty of railway connections. From the coast to Arequipa there 
were three trains a week, from Arequipa to Cuzco and La Paz there 
was but one weekly train making through connections. Also from 
La Paz to Arica and Antofagasta there was only a single train a week. 
The train service between La Paz and Antofagasta illustrates the im- 
possibility of laying out a definite itinerary. At one time there were 
three through trains a week, then the service was reduced to two, and 
after the outbreak of the European War to only one train every two 
weeks, every other Saturday. Several months ago it was made one 
train a week. Not only is there this great lack of facilities, but in 
addition it is practically impossible to obtain accurate information until 
one arrives at the very railroad station from which the train is to 
depart. 

Before leaving the United States the only way in which I was able 
to obtain even a general idea of the time tables of the Bolivian railway 
was by visiting the Bolivian consulate in New York and looking over 
files of newspapers. The various steamship agencies in New York 
either had no information or their information was incorrect. The 
time tables are frequently changed without notice, and even at Lima it 
was impossible to obtain accurate data about the trains in southern 
Peru without sending telegrams of inquiry, although the Southern 
Railway of Peru belongs to the same company which manages the 
Central Railway. At Arequipa it was necessary to send a telegram to 
La Paz in order to ascertain on what dates trains left that city for Arica 
and Antofagasta. We had similar difficulties with reference to the 
railroad from Santiago across the Andes, the railroad and steamship 
connections between Buenos Aires and Paraguay, and the railroads 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 9 

of Brazil. It would be a great assistance to persons intending to travel 
in South America, and would doubtless foster intercourse, if some 
office in the United States, the Pan American Union for instance, made 
it a point to gather and have ready at all times the latest South Ameri- 
can steamship schedules and railroad time tables. 

Another difficulty about South American travel, of which our party 
was most keenly made aware in Arequipa, is the lack of adequate hotel 
accommodations. While most of the capitals have fairly comfortable 
hotels, Buenos Aires is the only city where there is a hotel of the kind 
which the American traveling public generally demands. Even in so 
important a capital as Rio de Janeiro, the hotel accommodations were 
poor, and in some of the interior towns they are of the most primitive 
kind. Conditions are gradually growing better, but there would seem 
to be an opportunity for profit in the establishment of adequate hotels. 
During our trip from Arequipa to Cuzco and on to Lake Titicaca, we 
found it most convenient to sleep and take our meals on the train. 

After an early excursion through the city of Arequipa, and a visit 
to the old Jesuit church with its elaborate facade, and to the spacious 
cathedral, we left for the town of Juliaca. For a long time Mt. Misti, 
which towers over the city, remained in sight, as well as Mt. Chachani. 
The train passed through a rocky and arid country, but higher up 
reached grazing land where there were views of distant snowy peaks 
and where the Indians who appeared at the railroad stations were at- 
tired in picturesque native costumes. In the afternoon we passed the 
highest point reached on our journey, 14,731 feet high, where the rari- 
fied atmosphere made breathing difficult. We stayed over night at 
Juliaca and left the following morning for Cuzco. The train first 
traversed a plain bounded by mountains and used for grazing, formerly 
a part of the bed of Lake Titicaca. The valley gradually became nar- 
rower and the ground higher, affording pasture to large flocks of llamas 
and alpacas. At La Raya, the highest point of the pass is reached, at an 
altitude of 14,153 feet. The train then follows the course of the Vil- 
canota River, one of the most remote of the headwaters of the Amazon. 
It flows through a fertile valley full of Indian villages, where the na- 
tives who gather at the stations in their peculiar ponchos and hats, still 
speak the Quechua language. Late in the evening we arrived at the 
old Inca capital, Cuzco. 

The courtesy of the Peruvian Government extended to the point of 
instructing the prefects and principal officials of the towns where we 
stopped, to show us every attention. In this way we had the pleasure 
of meeting the prefect of Arequipa ; and at Cuzco, also, the prefect of 
the Department, Mr. Felix Costa Laurent, came to greet us. He was 



10 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

accompanied by Dr. Albert A. Giesecke, the American rector of the 
University of Cuzco. Dr. Giesecke's work is an example of Yankee 
influence bringing new life into old surroundings. He is a young grad- 
uate of the University of Pennsylvania, who was in Cuzco as an agent 
of the Department of Commerce at a time when trouble occurred be- 
tween the students of the decadent University of Cuzco and the rector 
of the institution. Dr. Giesecke was tendered the office of rector and 
though he has been seriously hampered by a lack of funds, the insti- 
tution under him has made substantial progress and its reputation has 
greatly increased. In addition he has been elected a member of the 
city council of Cuzco, and has done valuable work in preserving the 
ancient monuments, in obtaining better and cleaner streets — in which 
direction there is still a great deal to be accomplished — and in awaken- 
ing the citizens to the resources and requirements of their city. He and 
his friends are now planning a "greater Cuzco" campaign of education 
within and advertisement abroad. His great handicap is the difficulty 
of securing funds and at the present moment he is especially anxious 
to obtain a suitable library of Spanish books for the University. The 
University may be said to possess no library at all, and any donations 
of Spanish books would be of the greatest value in promoting the in- 
struction of aspiring young Peruvians and in assisting the praise- 
worthy efforts of Dr. Giesecke. 

We spent a busy day at Cuzco. With the prefect and Dr. Giesecke, 
we rode up to the stupendous megalithic Inca fortification of Sac- 
sahuaman, which commands the city and surrounding valley ; viewed 
other mysterious Inca remains ; visited the walls of the palace of 
Manco Capac, the first Inca ; the cathedral with its collection of pic- 
tures of bishops of Cuzco, beginning with Pizarro's companion, Val- 
verde ; the Jesuit church on the plaza ; the University which occupies 
the building formerly inhabited by the Jesuits ; the Merced church and 
monastery with ornately carved pillars, surrounding the court yard ; 
and the Santo Domingo church and monastery, built upon the site of the 
Inca Temple of the Sun, some of the walls of which are still visible. 
Throughout the city, forming part of many houses, we saw massive 
Inca walls, from which the whitewashing that formerly obscured them 
has been removed largely through the efforts of Dr. Giesecke. 

The city council of Cuzco declared Senator Burton "an illustrious 
guest of the city," and the Mayor, and a committee of the city council 
notified him of this designation at a reception given at the home of a 
distinguished citizen, Mr. Bonachea. The Mayor and Dr. Giesecke 
made addresses, and Senator Burton responded, expressing his thanks 
for the honor, and his good wishes for the future of the city. At this 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 11 

reception pieces of weirdly attractive Inca music, collected by a Peru- 
vian musician, were rendered. 

On the return from Cuzco to Juliaca, we stopped for a short time at 
Sicuani and saw an Indian market. Several thousand Indians were 
assembled in their native costumes, the women selling, and the men 
standing by, among them a number of Indian alcaldes, or local chiefs, 
with enormous staffs of office. From Juliaca we continued to Puno 
on the edge of Lake Titicaca, and here embarked on a small steamer, 
which left on the following morning. 

Bolivia 

The daylight trip across Lake Titicaca was very interesting. The 
lake is two miles above sea level and while the nights were very cold, 
the day was warm and pleasant. We sailed over the green waters 
to Copacabana on the Bolivian shore and visited an old shrine which 
attracts pilgrims, then passed the Island of the Sun, the sacred Island 
of the Incas, as well as the Island of the Moon, both of them cov- 
ered with terraces, on some of which ruins were to be seen, and 
finally arrived at the Bolivian port of Guaqui. At sunset there was 
a magnificent view of two hundred miles of snowy Andes from 
Illampu to Illimani. 

On the following day we continued our journey to La Paz, stopping 
on the way at Tiahuanaco, where we went out to view the ancient 
pre-Inca mounds and monoliths with their mysterious carvings. After 
traveling through a grazing country, the train crossed a monotonous 
plateau to a station called Alto, where a change was made to an 
electric car; an immediate descent followed into a deep valley, where 
the city of La Paz lies picturesquely on the steep banks of a small 
stream. The American Minister, Hon. John D. O'Rear, awaited us 
at Alto, and the Bolivian Sub-Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Rafael 
Torrico Lemoine, at the station in La Paz. 

During our stay at La Paz, Senator Burton had interesting con- 
ferences with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hon. Victor E. San- 
gines; Mr. Rafael Torrico Lemoine, Sub-Secretary; Mr. Anibal 
Capriles, the Minister of Public Instruction; Mr. Jorge E. Zalles, 
President of the Bank of the Nation; Mr. Jose Gutierrez Guerra, a 
banker and deputy in Congress, and other distinguished persons. He 
was received by President Ismael Montes, who expressed a strong 
desire for closer intellectual and commercial relations with the United 
States. At a dinner given to Senator Burton by Minister O'Rear, and 
at a lunch given by Mr. and Mrs. Zalles, Senator Burton met many 



12 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

persons prominent in political and financial affairs, including Messrs. 
Micael Saracho and Jose Carrasco, Vice-Presidents of the Republic; 
Mr. Victor E. Sangines, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Mr. Julio 
Zamora, Minister of Finance; Mr. Placido Sanchez, Minister of Jus- 
tice; Mr. Anibal Capriles, Minister of Public Instruction; Mr. Nestor 
Gutierrez, Minister of War; Mr. Nestor Cueto V., Prefect of the City 
of La Paz; Mr. Ezequiel Zuazo, President of the Municipal Council; 
Mr. Jorge Saenz, President of the Bolivian National Bank; and Mr. 
Ismael Montes, Jr. 

The Bolivian Government was very cordial, and with its assistance 
Senator Burton made a special study of educational conditions in La 
Paz, visiting, in company with the Minister of Public Instruction, 
Mr. Capriles, and the Sub-Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Torrico 
Lemoine, the High School, the National Museum, and the School of 
Medicine, where valuable results have been obtained in serum work 
and important experiments are being made. At an American Metho- 
dist educational institution, the "Colegio Ingles," Senator Burton and 
Mr. O'Rear made addresses. Though the climate at the time of our 
stay was quite trying, the afternoons being warm and the nights and 
mornings uncomfortably cold, the sight-seeing features of the trip 
were not neglected, and in company with Minister O'Rear, who was 
very attentive, we visited the chief points of interest in the quaint old 
city and its wild and rocky surroundings. 

It was decided that Senator Burton and I return to the coast by 
railroad to Arica, while Mr. Wilson was to take a train to Antofagasta 
and join the vessel there. We accordingly left La Paz on the evening 
of April 23. On the following morning the train reached Puquios 
station, where a rack engine was attached and a steep downward grade 
through an utterly barren country began. The railroad followed a 
deep gully and at times views were obtained of the barren lowland 
and the distant ocean. Further on the country became sandier and the 
train descended to the sea shore which it followed to Arica. Here 
we embarked on the Chilean steamer Palena, which sailed at six p.m. 

Chile 

Stops were made by the steamer at Iquique, Antofagasta and 
Coquimbo. On the morning of April 28 we sighted Mt. Aconcagua 
far in the distance, and in the afternoon of the same day arrived at 
Valparaiso. Mr. Verne L. Havens, the American Commercial At- 
tache; Mr. Leo J. Keena, the American Consul, and Mr. Frederic 
Wightman, the local manager of W. R. Grace & Company, came 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 13 

aboard to meet us, as well as Mr. Anibal Las Casas, the Secretary of 
the Intendente of Valparaiso. 

On the following day, after viewing the city with Consul Keena 
and holding interviews with prominent merchants, we left Valparaiso 
at noon on a special car, kindly placed at Senator Burton's disposal 
by the Chilean Government and attached to the regular train, Mr. 
Havens, the Commercial Attache, accompanying us. We followed the 
rocky bed of the Aconcagua River to Llaillai, and thence traveled 
through a rocky ridge of treeless mountains to the plain of Santiago. 
It was autumn in Chile and delicious grapes, pears and apples were on 
sale at the railroad stations along the way. We reached Santiago in 
the evening and were met at the station by Hon. George T. Summerlin, 
American Charge d' Affaires; Hon. Perry Beldon, Secretary of the 
Embassy, and Mr. Carlos Morla Lynch, introducer of diplomats, rep- 
resenting the Minister of Foreign Affairs. 

The Minister of Foreign Affairs was absent from Chile at the 
time of our visit, but the Minister of War and Marine, Mr. Cox 
Mendez, temporarily in charge of foreign affairs, presented Senator 
Burton to the President of Chile, Honorable Ramon Barros Luco, 
who, though advanced in years, spoke with enthusiasm of a trip he 
hoped to make to the United States. At a dinner given by Mr. Sum- 
merlin, American Charge d'Affaires, Senator Burton met three Ex- 
Ministers of Foreign Affairs; Dr. Enrique Villegas, Dr. Antonio 
Huneeus, and Senator Manuel Salinas, as well as Mr. Luis Barros 
Borgofio, Director of the Mortgage Bank, Mr. Carlos Castro Ruiz, 
Sub-Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Dr.. Alejandro Alvarez, and other 
distinguished gentlemen. 

Of especial interest were extensive conferences which Senator 
Burton had with Dr. Alejandro Alvarez, the distinguished Secretary 
of the American Institute of International Law and counsellor of the 
Department of Foreign Affairs of Chile; Dr. Julio Philippi, Pro- 
fessor of Finance at the University of Chile; Dr. Moises Vargas, 
Professor of Administrative Law at the University and Sub-Secre- 
tary of Railways; Dr. Carlos Silva Cruz, Director of the National 
Library; and Dr. Enrique Foster Recabarren, a Justice of the 
Supreme Court and son of an old American resident. 

Messrs. Philippi and Vargas had been appointed a committee by 
the University faculty to show Senator Burton around and give him 
any desired information, and they did so in an admirable manner. 
With one or both of them we visited the capitol, the University, the 
School of Medicine, and adjoining hospital, and a school of physical 
culture, meeting a number of the professors. One of our most inter- 



14 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

esting visits was to the Palace of Justice, where we met the justices 
of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, attended a hearing in the 
Court of Appeals, and were honored by being invited to sit with the 
Supreme Court during the admission of an attorney, Senator Burton 
sitting next to the Chief Justice. Dr. Carlos Silva Cruz conducted 
Senator Burton through the National Library of Chile and showed 
him the valuable archives there kept, which include the old Jesuit 
records pertaining to the activities of that Order in Paraguay and in 
the Philippines. Senator Burton also visited the attractive parks of 
Santiago, the Parque Cousino, the Quinta Normal, and the pretty 
driveway called the Alameda, and ascended to the very top of the 
Cerro de Santa Lucia, the acropolis of Santiago. He also viewed the 
exhibition of paintings and historical relics at the Museo de Bellas 
Artes. At two educational institutions where English is taught, the 
"Instituto Ingles," a boys' school, and the "Colegio de Senoritas," a 
Methodist institution for girls, Senator Burton made addresses to the 
pupils. 

It had been Senator Burton's desire to remain in Santiago a con- 
siderably longer time, and to make excursions to the southern part of 
Chile, but the uncertainty of railroad communications interfered with 
his plans. The railroad across the Andes had been blocked by snow 
slides for several weeks. It was now open, but as winter was ap- 
proaching it might be closed indefinitely at any moment by snow 
storms. In such event we should have been obliged to make the 
journey to the Argentine by way of the Straits of Magellan, a much 
longer trip, made more undesirable by the circumstance that no steamer 
was to leave Valparaiso on that route for over three weeks. Prudence, 
therefore, made an early departure by train advisable. As a matter 
of fact the road remained open about two weeks longer and was then 
closed by winter storms. The uncertainty caused by the weather dem- 
onstrated that the problem of transportation between Chile and the 
Argentine Republic has not yet been satisfactorily solved. 

We left Santiago in the evening of May 3, proceeding as far as 
Los Andes, a small town in the foot-hills, on a special car offered by 
the Chilean Government and attached to the regular train. It was 
nearly midnight when we arrived at Los Andes, and here we remained 
in the railroad hotel until the following morning. The day required 
for the trip on the narrow gauge railroad across the mountains was 
perhaps the most interesting single day of the whole journey. The 
road has many cog-wheel sections and very steep grades. It first 
followed the valley of the Aconcagua River, then made a great detour 
at Juncal, climbing ever higher with magnificent views of snowy 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 15 

mountain peaks, then passed the beautiful lake, Laguna del Inca, in 
the midst of huge boulders, and finally reached snow level and 
traversed the trans-Andean tunnel to the Argentine side. 

Argentina 

A few minutes after reaching Argentine territory, a stop was made 
at Puente del Inca, a natural rocky bridge spanning a mountain torrent 
where there were mineral springs. On the Argentine side the valley 
was wider than on the Chilean side, and gradually became a plain, 
but again narrowed to a gorge where the railroad is cut into the moun- 
tain on the edge of the river. The descent was rapid, with much 
diversity of imposing scenery, in which the bare rugged mountain 
sides were tinged in many different shades of color. Both on the 
Chilean and on the Argentine section, the railroad managers were 
very attentive and courteous. 

Shortly after nightfall we arrived at the prosperous Argentine city 
of Mendoza, and had time to drive about the town. Here we changed 
to a broader gauge railroad and at 9 p.m. continued our journey. 
All the next day we traveled over flat green pampas stocked with 
cattle and sheep, where thousands of wild ducks were swimming on 
ponds formed by heavy rains. At 7 p.m. we arrived at Buenos Aires, 
where Ambassador Frederic Jesup Stimson, Secretary of the Em- 
bassy Hugh R. Wilson, Mr. Barilari of the Argentine Foreign Office, 
and Mr. R. O. Bailey of the National City Bank, waited to receive 
Senator Burton. A whole brigade of newspaper photographers took 
flashlight pictures of the Senator. 

In the great city of Buenos Aires there was so much to do and to 
study that the week we spent there was all too short. Highly inter- 
esting conferences were had by Senator Burton with Dr. Luis M. 
Drago, the Argentine statesman of international repute, with Dr. 
Estani'slao S. Zeballos, Ex-Minister of Foreign Affairs, and one of 
the strongest personalities of South America, with Dr. Ezequiel P. 
Paz, owner of La Prensa, with Dr. Manuel Lainez, editor of El Diario, 
with Dr. Emilio Frers, the Director of the Argentine Social Museum, 
and with Mr. Pillado, of the Argentine Statistical Service. Valuable 
information as to American interests in South America was obtained 
through conferences with Messrs. J. H. Allen and M. Drew Carrel 
of the National City Bank, Mr. Pemberton Smith, representing the 
United States Steel Products Company, Dr. Albert Hale, the American 
Commercial Attache, and many American business men established in 
Buenos Aires. Senator Burton was a guest at one of the weekly 



16 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

lunches of the American Commercial Club, at which some seventy- 
business men were present, and made an address. At the request 
of Rev. William P. McLaughlin of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
Senator Burton also made a Sunday evening address at the church 
before an audience of some four hundred persons. He spoke of the 
tendencies for the better in modern life, counseling his hearers to 
observe the highest standards, and strongly recommended absolute 
neutrality for our country in the dreadful struggle which is now dev- 
astating Europe. His eloquent address was listened to with earnest 
attention by the audience. 

Senator Burton ma<le an official call on the Minister of Foreign 
Affairs of the Argentine Republic, Hon. Jose Luis Murature, and was 
presented to Dr. Victorino de la Plaza, President of the Republic, 
enjoying lengthy interviews with both of these gentlemen. At a din- 
ner given by American Ambassador Stimson and Mrs. Stimson in 
honor of Senator Burton, he met the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
Jose Luis Murature and wife; the Minister of Finance, Dr. Enrique 
Carbo; the Minister of Public Works, Dr. Manuel Moyano and wife; 
the Vice-President of the Republic, Mr. Benito Villaneuva; the As- 
sistant Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Jose Maria Cantilo and 
wife; the Private Secretary of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. 
Jorge Cabral; the introducer of diplomats, Mr. Atilio D. Barilari; the 
Second Secretary of the American Embassy, Mr. Hugh R. Wilson 
and wife, and Mr. and Mrs. Kermit Roosevelt. 

One of the most interesting events of our stay at Buenos Aires was 
the solemn opening of Congress by President Victorino de la Plaza. 
There was an imposing military display in and about the capitol 
building, and the galleries were crowded as President de la Plaza ap- 
peared before the Houses of Congress, jointly assembled, and read his 
message. Senator Burton was given a place in the gallery reserved 
for diplomats and high officials and was seated next to Dr. Antonio 
Bermejo, the President of the Supreme Court. The Senator was 
much interested by a visit to the office of La Prensa, where we were 
shown about by the Director, Dr. Ezequiel P. Paz, and his brother. 
What most attracted attention during this visit, aside from the enor- 
mous size and power of the presses and the variety and extent of the 
social welfare work which this great newspaper has undertaken, was the 
scrupulous cleanliness of every room and corner in the building. 
Among other visits which were very pleasant was one to the Museo 
Social Argentino, where the Director, Dr. Frers, showed us around, 
another to the Young Men's Christian Association, and another to 
the palatial quarters of the Jockey Club. Daily excursions were made 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 17 

also to different points of interest in and about Buenos Aires, to the 
beautiful parks and suburbs, the Avenida 25 de Mayo, which so much 
recalls the boulevards of Paris, the Avenida Albear, with its fine resi- 
dences, Florida Street, lined with fine stores, the business center, and 
many others. 

During his stay in Buenos Aires, Senator Burton was constantly in 
receipt of requests for interviews by various newspapers and a con- 
siderable part of his time was taken up by reporters. Lengthy inter- 
views were printed by La Prensa, El Diario, La Nation, and others, 
and pursuant to a promise made to Dr. Paz, Senator Burton sent a 
letter to La Prensa from Barbados when on his way back to New York.* 

Uruguay 

On the evening of May 12, we left Buenos Aires by boat and on 
the following morning arrived in Montevideo. With Rev. Dr. 
Craver, a boyhood friend of Senator Burton, we took an excursion 
about town and visited the main plaza on which is situated the 
Cathedral and the building in which Congress sits, the Plaza Inde- 
pendencia where the Government building is located, 18 de Julio 
Street and Artigas Avenue, Pocitos, a seashore resort, and other 
parts of the city. In the afternoon in company with the British 
Minister, Mr. Mitchell Innes, who is affectionately remembered 
in the United States because of his long service in Washington, 
we went to the Jockey Club, where there was a celebration in honor 
of Dr. Lauro Muller, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil, then 
visiting the city. Here Senator Burton was introduced to the Presi- 
dent of the Republic, Dr. Feliciano Viera; the Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, Dr. Manuel Otero ; the Minister of the Interior, Dr. Baltasar 
Brum; the Mayor of the City, and several other Uruguyan officials 
and diplomats. In the evening a meeting of American residents in 
Montevideo had been arranged in the social room of the Methodist 
Church. Brief addresses were delivered by the pastor, Rev. Mr. 
Kiser, the American Charge d'Aff aires, Mr. Schoenfeld, the Vice- 
President of the American Club, Mr. Davy and by Dr. Craver. Sen- 
ator Burton responded with an interesting address of about twenty 
minutes. 

Although it rained during two days of our stay at Montevideo, and 
although another day was a holiday, a great deal was accomplished in 
seeing persons and places. One of the most interesting and extensive 
interviews that Senator Burton had in South America was with Hon. 
Jose Batlle y Ordonez, who only a few months ago finished his second 

*See Appendix, page 36. 



18 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

term as President of Uruguay. He may be regarded as one of the 
most forceful men we met in South America; he is a giant physically 
and gives the impression of great mental force with which is asso- 
ciated a pleasant manner. A most advanced liberal, he has made 
strong efforts to benefit the working men and those of the poorer 
class, and has accomplished many other reforms. Due to his efforts 
capital punishment has been abolished, much attention has been given 
to education, and a general eight-hour labor act has made progress in 
Congress. One of the most radical modifications made in the law 
during his presidency related to the subject of divorce, for in Uruguay 
divorces may now be obtained by mutual agreement of the spouses 
and even at the mere request of the wife. In such cases, however, it 
is the duty of the judge to try twice to effect a reconciliation, and 
there are two intervals of six months before a divorce can be granted. 
At the present time Ex-President Batlle is urging the plan of abolish- 
ing the office of President of the Republic, and substituting therefor 
an executive commission of nine members, each member holding office 
for a term of nine years and one member being elected by the voters 
of Uruguay every year. The cabinet and Congress are to continue as 
heretofore. It is probable that the plan will be adopted by the Con- 
stitutional Convention, which is about to be called. In his conversa- 
tion with Senator Burton, Sr. Batlle spoke strongly of his friendliness 
for the United States, and advocated greater cooperation between the 
republics of the western hemisphere. 

Senator Burton also had interesting conversations with President 
Feliciano Viera at the Government building, and with the Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, Dr. Manuel Otero ; also with Dr. Baltasar Brum, 
who, though a young man not much over thirty years of age, has oc- 
cupied several Cabinet positions, and is now Minister of the Interior 
and President of the Council of Ministers. He is evidently a most 
progressive man and spoke with enthusiasm of an arbitration treaty 
with Italy, which, largely through his efforts, has recently been rati- 
fied by Uruguay, and is now awaiting ratification by Italy; it pro- 
vides for arbitration in all cases without exception. At a dinner given 
Senator Burton by Mr. Innes, the British Minister, he met several 
business men of the city and the Brazilian Minister. 

A visit to the University of Montevideo under the direction of the 
rector, Dr. Williams, an Ex-President of the Republic, was interesting. 
Senator Burton saw most of the departments, the chemical laboratory, 
the library, the large hall, and several recitation rooms, and met mem- 
bers of the various faculties. As he left there was a demonstration 
by the students, and the Senator made a brief address. Another inter- 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 19 

esting visit was to the building of Congress, where we were received 
by the President of the House of Deputies, Mr. Juan G. Saldaha. 
Senator Burton met several of the deputies and had interesting con- 
versations with them. He also attended a session of the House, at 
which one of the deputies made a speech of some length in opposition 
to the A. B. C. mediation, being answered by another deputy. 

Our trips in and around Montevideo included a visit to the beach of 
Carrasco, and under the guidance of Mr. Herbert Coates, a visit to 
Montevideo's principal park, the Prado, with its large rose garden, 
and to the neighborhood of the Cerro, the hill which gives Montevideo 
its name and from which a fine view of the city is obtained. Senator 
Burton also made an extended call at the Young Men's Christian 
Association. 

Paraguay 

The regular Mihanovich boat carried us back to Buenos Aires over 
night, where immediately upon our arrival we boarded another steamer 
of the same line, which at 10 a.m. started for Asuncion. Our party 
was joined for the trip to Paraguay by Dr. Albert Hale, the American 
Commercial Attache, and by Mrs. Hale. The vessel was a comfortable 
river steamboat, a side-wheeler, and the trip of four days up the 
Parana and Paraguay Rivers proved very pleasant, though for two 
days the weather was quite cold. As we left Buenos Aires and 
steamed over the Rio de la Plata, the opposite shore could not be seen 
and only the calm surface and the muddiness of the water indicated 
that we were on a river. All the way up the Parana River the water 
continued muddy, but the channel varied greatly in width, from a few 
hundred yards to several miles. There were multitudes of low islands, 
some of which were flooded by the river. The country traversed by 
the steamer is flat and generally low, though at some points there are 
high bluffs. Most of it seems to be very fertile and is covered with 
vegetation. The greater part is evidently used for grazing, but there 
is some swamp land and some forest. 

On the morning after our departure we stopped at Rosario, the 
second city of the Argentine Republic, which extends along the water- 
front for several miles. A number of stops were made by the boat at 
smaller places and on the third morning after our departure we reached 
Corrientes, the capital of the Argentine province of the same name. 
The vessel stopped long enough to enable us to visit the city and see 
the principal streets and the plaza, surrounded by public buildings. 
The visit to Corrientes was the more interesting because on the steamer 
Senator Burton had met Mr. Valentin Virasoro, one of the Federal 



20 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

senators from Corrientes province, who was making the trip from 
Buenos Aires, and in a lengthy conversation gave valuable and inter- 
esting information as to the province and as to affairs in general in the 
Argentine Republic. 

At noon on the third day we arrived at the junction of the Paraguay 
and Parana Rivers, and continued up the Paraguay with the Argentine 
Republic on the west bank of the river, and the Republic of Paraguay 
on our right. The width of the Paraguay River is less than that of 
the Parana, the color of the water is more like that of coffee, and 
there are not the numerous islands. The banks show some grazing 
land, dotted with palm trees, but for the most part are covered with a 
thick tropical jungle. In the afternoon we stopped at Humaita, a 
village with striking ruins of a church destroyed in the war of Para- 
guay with Brazil and the Argentine. 

On the fourth morning after our departure from Buenos Aires we 
reached the mouth of the Pilcomayo River, which is the Argentine 
boundary, then rounded a promontory on the east bank of the Para- 
guay, and docked at Asuncion at 9.30 a.m. We had traveled exactly 
a thousand miles from Buenos Aires. The importance of this river 
system become the more apparent when it is considered that the Para- 
guay River is navigable for more than five hundred miles beyond 
Asuncion, far up into the interior of Brazil. 

We were met at Asuncion by Hon. Daniel F. Mooney, the American 
Minister ; Mr. Oscar Longfellow Milmore, the Secretary of the Lega- 
tion; Mr. Samuel H. Wiley, the American Consul; and Mr. Carlos 
Sosa, the Sub-Secretary of Foreign Affairs. 

Of the little inclement weather we had on the trip we experienced 
two days of rain in Asuncion. Nevertheless, we took rides through 
the wet streets and visited points of interest. Paraguay is quite dif- 
ferent from the countries which surround it and Asuncion was alto- 
gether unlike any of the other capitals we saw. A romantic interest 
attaches to this city and republic, in view of its extraordinary history, 
comprising the mysterious dictatorship of Dr. Francia, the military 
governments of the two Lopez, and the terrible war which the little 
country sustained against the combined power of Brazil, Argentina 
and Uruguay, during which practically its entire male population was 
exterminated and the whole population reduced to a small percentage 
of the former figure. Important advances have been made since the 
war terminated in 1870, but a great deal still remains to be done, and 
the authorities all expressed a wise appreciation of the importance of 
inviting foreign capital, and a special preference for American en- 
terprise. 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 21 

So little is known about Paraguay and so many misleading state- 
ments have been circulated about the country, that the government 
officials were all the more pleased at the visit of a man of Senator 
Burton's standing. They did everything in their power to show their 
appreciation, and Mr. Carlos Sosa, the Sub-Secretary of Foreign Af- 
fairs, was in constant attendance. Senator Burton made formal calls 
— which developed into instructive informal conversations — on Dr. 
Manuel Gondra, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and on Hon. 
Eduardo Schaerer, the President of Paraguay, whose pleasant features 
show both his German and Spanish ancestry. At a dinner given to 
Senator Burton by Minister Mooney, the guests included Dr. Manuel 
Gondra, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Dr. Cecilio Baez, Ex-President 
of the Republic, and Justice of the Supreme Court; Dr. Eusebio 
Ayala, Minister of Finance; Mr. Mujia, Bolivian Minister, and other 
distinguished persons. Most of those present made brief talks, to 
which Senator Burton responded in an address. 

In company with Dr. Ayala, the Minister of Finance; Mr. Sosa, 
Sub-Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Minister Mooney, and Secretary 
Milmore, Senator Burton attended the opening of a session of the 
Paraguayan Senate. Senator Antonio Sosa made an address eulo- 
gizing Senator Burton, and on motion the privileges of the floor of the 
Senate were formally extended to Senator Burton and Minister 
Mooney. Senator Burton made an address expressing his thanks for 
the honor conferred upon him, and his hopes for more intimate rela- 
tions between Paraguay and the United States. Upon leaving the 
Senate we proceeded to the port and embarked on the Paraguayan 
gunboat Adolf o Riquelme, with a large party of the higher govern- 
ment officials. The gunboat first ascended the narrow Rio Negro 
opposite Asuncion for a short distance, and then steamed up the 
Paraguay, returning in the afternoon. A banquet was served, at 
which Dr. Gondra, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Senator 
Burton made addresses. Among those who composed the party were : 
Dr. Manuel Gondra, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Dr. Jose P. 
Montero, Minister of the Interior; Dr. Eusebio Ayala, Minister of 
Finance; Mr. Belisario Rivarola, Minister of Worship and Public In- 
struction; Mr. Ernesto Valazquez, Minister of War and the Navy; 
Dr. Fulgencio R. Moreno, Minister Plenipotentiary, attached to the 
foreign office; Mr. Carlos Sosa, Sub-Secretary of Foreign Affairs; 
Doctors Cecilio Baez, Manuel Burgos and Felix Parva, Justices of the 
Supreme Court; Mr. Emiliano Gonzales Navero, First Vice-President 
of the Senate ; Senators Antonio Sosa, Luis A. Riart and Ramon Lara 
Castro, and Dr. Victor Abente Haedo, Speaker of the House of 



22 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

Deputies. During the excursion Senator Burton became more closely 
acquainted with these gentlemen, and had pleasant conversations with 
almost all of them. 

Visits were also made to the National College, to the University of 
Asuncion, and to the Museo Godoy, a small private museum of paint- 
ings and historical relics with an excellent library. As guests of Mr. 
John Hessenmuller, the Manager of the Paraguay Central Railroad, 
we also made a trip to San Bernardino, a winter resort about thirty 
miles from Asuncion, beautifully located on a lake about eight miles 
long by three miles wide in the midst of a fine tropical country. 

On May 24, we left Asuncion on the Paraguay Central Railroad, 
accompanied by Minister Mooney, Mr. Hessenmuller, the manager 
of the railroad, and Mr. Oliver, the British Charge d'Affaires, who 
went with us as far as Encarnacion, also by Dr. and Mrs. Hale, who 
continued on the train to Buenos Aires. During the whole day we 
traveled through southeastern Paraguay, first crossing an undulating 
country green with tropical vegetation, an attractive feature of which 
was the sight of many orange trees in full fruit, then large plains with 
herds of cattle, and then more level land covered with prairie, but 
with occasional patches of thick woods. At 7.30 p. m. we reached 
Encarnacion, situated on the Alto Parana River. Our car, with three 
others, was slowly lowered down an inclined plane to the car ferry, 
which in thirty minutes took us across the river to the Argentine city 
of Posades, when the journey continued during the night through 
the Argentine Territory of Misiones. 

Brazil 

On the morning of May 25, we were still on Argentine soil, and 
the train was passing over a flat pampa country. At 9 a.m. it arrived 
at Paso de los Libros, a little straggling town, where we alighted and 
were met by an employee of the Brazilian railroad. A little special 
car took us to the bank of the Uruguay River, two miles away, and 
we crossed on a launch to Uruguayana in Brazil, the buildings and 
wide streets of which contrasted with those seen in the Spanish 
countries. 

A most interesting trip of four days through southern Brazil ensued. 
We traveled on a special train, without which, in view of the confused 
condition of the time tables, such a trip as ours would have been 
practically impossible. For almost two days we rode though the 
State of Rio Grande de Sul. a rolling grazing country with cattle and 
sheep. We stopped at Alegrete, where Senator Burton met the 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 23 

municipal authorities and took a trip through town. At Santa Maria 
a long stop was made which enabled us to take a lengthy ride about 
town and visit the barracks and one of the newspaper offices, becoming 
acquainted with the editor. Another stop was made at the attractive 
little city of Cruz Alta. For another day we crossed the State of 
Santa Catharina. Early in the morning the train arrived at the little 
hamlet of Marcellino Ramos, perched on a hillside, then crossed the 
Uruguay River, here resembling the upper Potomac, on a long bridge 
to the State of Santa Catharina, and until nightfall followed the Rio 
de Peixe, along which there was beautiful mountain and forest 
scenery. While generally typically tropical, it sometimes recalled the 
Delaware watershed country, or the mountains of North Carolina. 
Pine trees predominated in the forests, which frequently showed dense 
jungles. Towards evening we stopped at the waterfall locally called 
"Salto do Bom Successo," which, though some fifty feet high and one 
hundred and fifty feet wide, seems to be unknown outside of Brazil. 
Our train was one of the first to pass through this region in many 
weeks, as a band of political-religious-bandit insurgents, known as 
"fanaticos," had committed depredations, burned station buildings 
and caused the settlers to flee. At several stations on the road there 
were camps of government soldiers. During another whole day we 
traveled through the State of Parana, visiting on the way the town 
of Ponta Grossa, which is visible for many miles from the country 
around. That this region had received German immigration was made 
evident here by the German names on the stores and the blond children. 
The country was mostly hilly prairie with some farms, much grazing 
land and occasional woods. Late in the afternoon we crossed into the 
State of Sao Paulo and stopped for a few minutes at Itarare, and 
early in the morning of May 29, we arrived at Sao Paulo. Our 
journey had been made possible by the courtesy of the Brazil Rail- 
road, and was rendered all the more instructive by the circumstance 
that officials or employees of the railroad company accompanied us 
during most of the trip and gave valuable information about the 
country traversed. 

At Sao Paulo we were met at the station by an aide of the Presi- 
dent of the State, by Mr. Maddin Summers, the American Consul, 
and Mr. F. W. Barrow of the Brazil Railroad. Our stay in the city 
was a pleasant one. Senator Burton called on Hon. Francisco de 
Paulo Rodrigues Alves, President of the State and Ex-President of 
the Republic, and on Hon. Paulo Moraes de Barros, the Secretary of 
Agriculture and Public Works of the State of Sao Paulo, and had 
pleasant and profitable interviews with both of these gentlemen. With 



24 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

Mr. Walter A. Walmsley, Manager of the Electric Power Company, 
Consul Maddin Summers and Mr. Robert L. Reiser, Clerk of the 
Consulate, we visited points of interest in the city and surroundings, 
such as the park called Jardin de Luz, Ypiranga Museum, a fine 
building erected on the spot where independence was declared Septem- 
ber 7, 1822, and the principal business and residence streets of the 
city. The town is evidently progressing rapidly, in a few years it has 
grown from a small population to almost 400,000, of whom nearly 
half are Italians. 

Through the kindness of the State officials we were enabled to make 
an interesting excursion into the interior of the State, accompanied by 
Mr. Krichbaum, a representative of the Secretary of Agriculture, and 
by Consul Summers. After a journey of three hours we arrived at a 
small town called Villa Americana, which Senator Burton had been 
very desirous of visiting, as it was here that some eighty Southern 
families settled after our Civil War. Many of their children have for- 
gotten the English language and have moved to other parts of Brazil, 
but some half a dozen old Confederate veterans are left and they and 
some of the English-speaking descendants were at the station. Senator 
Burton was deeply moved by the meeting and made an affectionate 
address to these people in the public hall of the town. The visit of 
Mr. Root to this settlement in 1906 is well remembered. After a trip 
through the large sugar cane and cotton plantation of Rawlinson and 
Muller, we took the train to Campinas situated in the midst of the 
coffee country. Here we motored out to the fazenda of Mr. Jose 
Paulino Nogueira, passing along hillsides which were covered with 
rows of green coffee trees dotted with red berries. We also stopped 
at the State Agricultural Station located in this vicinity. 

Another day's journey on the railroad took us to Rio de Janeiro. 
The railroad passed through smiling agricultural country, then fol- 
lowed the Parahyba River through hills and valleys, and finally turned 
off to Rio through other mountains. The country has evidently been 
settled for a long time as there were well built towns and old 
fazendas with stately palms. Many landscapes were typically Brazilian 
with palm trees, tilled fields, negro laborers, bright colored houses, 
and blue hills in the distance. At Rio, American Ambassador Edwin 
V. Morgan, Commander Philip Williams, American Naval Attache, 
and Mr. Alfredo C. Alcoforado, Brazilian Minister to Ecuador, in 
representation of the foreign office, met us at the station. 

The week in the beautiful city of Rio was fully taken up by im- 
portant conferences with persons of prominence and by sightseeing. 
There is probably no other city in the world that can offer such a com- 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 25 

bination of fine streets and avenues and of magnificent mountain, for- 
est, and ocean scenery right within the city limits. We had many drives 
on the broad Avenida Central and on the beautiful avenues along the 
shore and leading into the interior. We also visited the older part 
of the city, the famous Candelaria church, and the new docks, and took 
a trip across the bay to Nictheroy, the capital of the State of Rio de 
Janeiro. By a bold suspension railway we ascended the Pao de Assucar, 
a strange granite monolith 1,100 feet high, which guards the entrance 
to the bay of Rio. With Ambassador Morgan, Secretary of Embassy 
Louis Albert Sussdorff, Jr., and Mr. C. Lyon Chandler, connected with 
the Southern Railway Company, we went up on a rack railroad to the 
peak of Corcovado, 2,200 feet high, from the top of which there is a 
glorious view of the city, bay, and surrounding country. Mr. M. de 
Barros Moreira, local representative of the United States Steel Prod- 
ucts Company, gave Senator Burton a lunch at Tijuca, one of the 
highest and most picturesque points in Rio, 3,300 feet high, at which a 
number of ladies and gentlemen prominent in Rio society were present. 
After the lunch an attractive motor trip was taken through tropical 
woods to the view points known as "Mesa do Emperador" and "Vista 
Chinesa," and thence encircling Mt. Gavea, through hills and along 
the seashore, back to the center of the city. The visit to the beautiful 
Botanical Gardens was also interesting. We further had a pleasant trip 
to Petropolis, lying in the mountains on the other side of the bay of 
Rio, where the air is cooler and most of the foreign legations are situ- 
ated. Here we were guests of Ambassador Morgan and were invited to 
lunch at the house of Madame Nabuco, the widow of the former Bra- 
zilian Minister to Washington, whose memory is so warmly cherished 
in the United States. 

Senator Burton was received by the President of Brazil, Hon. Wen- 
ceslao Bras, who expressed his strong desire to see closer intellec- 
tual relations between Brazil and the United States. The Senator also 
had a cordial interview with the acting Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
Frederico Alfonso de Carvalho. He twice visited the Senate and on 
the occasion of the second visit made an informal address in the re- 
ception room, which gave general satisfaction. He became acquainted 
with the Vice President of the Republic, Dr. Urbano Santos da Costa 
Araujo and with most of the prominent senators, including Senator 
Ellis, who is the son of an American and speaks English well ; Senator 
Jose Bulhoes, Senator Guanabara, Senator Indio do Brazil and Senator 
J. G. Pinheiro Machado. The last named, who is one of the senators 
from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, is a political power in Brazil and 
one of the most interesting men of the Republic. Senator Burton paid 



26 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

Senator Pinheiro Machado a special visit at his house, on the occasion 
of which the latter expressed his highest admiration for the United 
States and his desire for a better mutual understanding. At a visit 
which Senator Burton made to the House of Deputies, he became 
acquainted with the Speaker of the House, and several of the most 
prominent Deputies. 

We became greatly indebted to Ambassador Edwin V. Morgan for 
his kind and untiring interest in Senator Burton's trip. His attention 
and courtesy knew no bounds. At a dinner which he gave to Senator 
Burton at the Hotel dos Estrangeiros, the Senator met the representa- 
tive Americans settled in Rio, and at a lunch, which he gave several 
days later, some of the principal Brazilian diplomats and men of note 
were present, including Dr. Lauro Muller, the Minister of Foreign 
Affairs, who had just returned from the Argentine Republic ; Dr. Jose 
Carlos Rodrigues, former editor of the Jornal do Commercio ; Senator 
C. Alcoforado, Brazilian Minister to Ecuador ; Mr. Sraga Aranha, re- 
tired Brazilian Minister to Holland ; Mr. D. L. Chermont, Brazilian 
Minister to Japan ; Dr. Carlos Sampiao, a well-known capitalist ; Mr. 
Odovaldo Pacheco e Silva, Secretary of the Brazilian Legation in Paris ; 
Admiral J. C. de Carvalho, a renowned explorer ; Count Candido 
Mendes de Almeida, lawyer and editor of the Jornal do Brazil; and 
Commander Nobreza Moreira, late Brazilian naval attache in Wash- 
ington. Two other gentlemen, who were especially attentive were 
Mr. Percival Parquhar, the leading mind in the vast projects of the 
Brazil Railroad and Mr. M. de Barros Moreira. With many of the 
gentlemen mentioned Senator Burton had cordial and mutually in- 
structive interviews. 

The incipient American Chamber of Commerce of Rio took advan- 
tage of the Senator's visit to offer him a banquet at the Club Central. 
It proved a complete success and a very pleasant occasion. Over 150 
persons were present, including most Americans of prominence in Rio. 
Addresses were made by Mr. T. B. McGovern of the Caloric Oil Com- 
pany, who presided at the banquet ; by American Ambassador Edwin 
V. Morgan, and by Consul General Alfred L. M. Gottschalk, where- 
upon Senator Burton delivered an eloquent address replete with inter- 
esting suggestions and good advice, which was listened to with marked 
attention and evoked warm applause. 

Among the most pleasant incidents of our stay in Rio were meet- 
ings with Dr. Jose Carlos Rodrigues, until recently the editor of the 
Jornal do Commercio, the most prominent and important newspaper 
in Brazil. Dr. Rodrigues has lived in the United States for many 
years and speaks the English language perfectly. Senator Burton en- 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 27 

joy eel two extensive interviews with him, one during a call which he 
made on Dr. Rodrigues and another in the course of a lunch which 
Dr. Rodrigues gave in honor of Senator Burton. Another pleasing 
incident was a visit to the newspaper Jornal do Brazil, and an inter- 
view with its editor, Count Candido Mendes de Almeida. So many 
were the persons whom Senator Burton met in Rio, and so numerous 
the interviews and conferences that it is not possible to make reference 
to more than a small portion of them. 

Senator Burton had intended to remain in South America for several 
weeks longer, but again the lack of proper transportation facilities in- 
terfered with his plans. There is but one steamship line between Brazil 
and the United States which can be considered at all, and of this line 
some of the best vessels had been taken over by the British Govern- 
ment and of those remaining several had a very poor reputation. No 
assurance could be given as to sailing dates. It therefore became neces- 
sary to take advantage of the sailing of the steamer Verdi, one of the 
better vessels of the Lamport and Holt line, which left Rio de Janeiro 
on June 8. Many persons came on board to bid Senator Burton good- 
bye. We sailed late in the afternoon, and soon the phantastic moun- 
tains which surround the city had faded away in the distance. 

Early in the morning of June 11, our steamer entered the harbor of 
Bahia. American Consul Robert Fraser, Jr., came aboard to greet 
Senator Burton, and took us ashore and through the city. We visited 
the principal business streets and then motored to the outskirts of the 
city and to the entrance of the bay, the "Barra," where there are several 
old forts dating from the Dutch occupation, one of which is now sur- 
mounted by a lighthouse, and thence on a beautiful partly finished road 
along the ocean shore. Returning to the city, Senator Burton called 
on the Governor of the State, Hon. J. J. Seabra. After a visit to Sao 
Francisco church, one of the oldest of the many churches of Bahia, we 
returned to the vessel. It left the harbor early in the afternoon, and 
the palm-fringed coast of Brazil remained in sight until sunset. 

Our voyage to New York was unusually calm and pleasant. On the 
evening of June 14, we crossed the equator, and on the afternoon of 
June 18, anchored in the harbor of Bridgetown, Barbados. Here we 
had time to go ashore and take a trip through the town and surround- 
ings. On the following morning the vessel sailed, and, after an un- 
eventful journey, reached New York June 25. 

Conclusions and Recommendations. 

Though Senator Burton's trip promoted, in a most important degree, 
the objects pursued by the Carnegie Endowment for International 



28 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

Peace, he nevertheless steadfastly declined to accept for himself any 
portion of the amount allotted by the Endowment for the expenses of 
the trip. When I made- advances on account of Senator Burton's ex- 
penses, he always insisted upon repaying them to the penny. The sum 
delivered to me was, therefore, applied exclusively to my propor- 
tionate share of the traveling expenses and to other expenses properly 
chargeable to the Endowment. 

In view of the information gained, and suggestions received in South 
America in conference with some of the leading men, I take the liberty 
of making the following recommendations : 

I. With reference to the Second Scientific Congress. 

(a) That the program of the Congress in Spanish and Portuguese 
be distributed broadcast through Latin America and brought to the 
attention of all the leading men and newspapers. 

(b) That local committees of propaganda be appointed, either by 
the general committee in the United States, or by the governing council 
of the Pan American Union, or by the diplomatic representatives of 
the respective states in Washington, or by the foreign offices of the 
respective states. These committees are to promote interest in the 
matter in such ways as they deem best and especially (1) by designating 
persons to make studies and investigations, and to draft papers upon 
the various subjects comprised in the program, (2) by publishing the 
program and inviting contributions, (3) by stimulating discussions in 
universities and in the newspapers with reference to the various points 
of the program. 

(c) That both directly and through the local committees discussions 
of the various points of the program, in the newspapers and elsewhere, 
be promoted. 

A campaign of publicity, such as that outlined, was of great assist- 
ance in arousing interest in the First Scientific Congress held in Chile. 
It was initiated a full year before the opening of the Congress. 

II. With reference to the formation of local societies of inter- 
national law. 

(a) That a formal invitation be issued by the American Institute of 
International Law, signed by Hon. Elihu Root, the Honorary Presi- 
dent of the Institute, and Dr. James Brown Scott, the Presi- 
dent of the Institute, and, if possible, also by Dr. Alejandro Alvarez, 
the Secretary of the Institute, (1) setting forth briefly the objects of 
the Institute, (2) calling attention to the national societies of inter- 
national law, which have already been founded, and (3) inviting coun- 
tries where no such societies have been formed to proceed to their 
organization at the earliest possible moment. This invitation should 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 29 

be delivered to the minister of foreign affairs of each one of the coun- 
tries where no such society has yet been formed, with a request ( 1 ) that 
he take the lead in calling a meeting of the principal jurists and other 
persons interested in the development of international law, in order 
that an organization may be effected, and also, (2) that he designate a 
committee to prepare the work of organization in anticipation of the 
meeting of the jurists. A copy of such invitation should also be 
handed to the charter members of the American Institute of Inter- 
national Law who represent the respective countries where a local so- 
ciety is still lacking, and they should be requested to make ever)' effort 
to see that such a society is organized. If the respective local diplo- 
matic representatives of the United States could lend their good offices 
in making explanations and in urging the matter, this assistance would 
be invaluable. It would also be helpful if publicity were given to the 
formal invitation in the local newspapers. 

(b) That until the organization of all these societies is well under 
way interest be kept alive in the matter by frequent distribution of 
literature pertaining thereto, among persons known to be interested in 
the development of international law, as well in the countries where 
societies have already been formed as in the other countries. 

III. With reference to other objects pursued by the Endowment. 

(a) That the various specific plans announced by Mr. Bacon in his 
trip two years ago be kept alive, or if for any reason any of them must 
temporarily remain in abeyance, that explanation thereof be given. 
Mr. Bacon announced that Professor Kinley would shortly visit South 
America to make researches on behalf of the Endowment and bespoke 
for him the cooperation of South American historians and scientists, 
but Professor Kinley has not made his trip, nor has any explanation 
been published as to whether there is any change of plans. Mr. Bacon 
also recommended an interchange of professors, and disappointment 
has been manifested because no further steps seem to have been 
taken in this direction. I understand that considerable literature with 
reference to societies of international law and of international con- 
ciliation, has been distributed, but a part of it appears to have gone to 
persons who were not sufficiently appreciative and a number of influ- 
ential men have not been reached at all. This will also have to be 
remedied. 

While it is natural that in a work so gigantic as that which has been 
undertaken by the Endowment in South America there should be un- 
usual difficulties in the beginning, the progress made has been of ex- 
ceeding importance and justifies high hopes for the future. 

One of the noble aims which the Endowment has in view, that of 



30 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

fostering a better mutual understanding, has been greatly promoted by 
the extensive trips taken through the Southern continent by some of 
our foremost men, and among these trips the comprehensive journey 
made by Senator Burton will be found to occupy a prominent place 
with respect to the amount of territory covered, the number of persons 
met, the impression made in South America, and the quantity of valu- 
able information gathered by the eminent traveler for his own instruc- 
tion and for diffusion among his fellow citizens upon his return. 

Very respectfully, 

Otto Schoenrich. 



APPENDIX 

[From La Prensa, Buenos Aires, August 8, 1915] 

LA VISITA DEL SENADOR BURTON 

Impresiones de su Viaje por America 

La Prensa tuvo oportunidad de ocuparse de la visita que realizo, 
hace poco tiempo, a los paises de la America del Sur, el senador norte- 
americano por el Estado de Ohio, senor Teodoro E. Buron, a quien 
acompaflaban el juez doctor Otto Schoenrich y el periodista Sr. 
Roberto J. Wilson. Cuando el senador Burton se dispuso a partir de 
Buenos Aires, La Prensa le solicito una exposicion de sus impresiones. 
Muy amablemente, el distinguido buesped nos prometio satisfacer nues- 
tro pedido en el momento en que le fuera posible ordenar sus anota- 
ciones y disponer del tiempo necesario para formular sus pensamien- 
tos. 

Al salir el 11 de mayo ultimo de Buenos Aires para Montevideo el 
senor Burton manifesto lamentar que su permanencia en esta ciudad 
se hubiera visto limitada a una sola semana. Declaro, sin embargo, 
que las exigencias de su viaje le obligaban a irse antes de lo que 
esperaba. Tanto el como sus compafieros, el juez Schoenrich y el 
senor Wilson, se mostraron entusiasmadisimos con la ciudad de Buenos 
Aires, habiendo dicho el senor Burton que pocas personas se dan cuenta 
de la magnitud o tendencias progresistas de esta gran capital. Anadio 
que su viaje por Sud America confirmaba la opinion, que el frecuente- 
mente habia voceado en los Estados Unidos, de que en anos venideros 
el desarrollo de las Republicas sudamericanas en su production, riqueza 
material y tal vez en poblacion sera muy rapido. 

En vista de la creciente demanda de cereales, de carnes y de varios 
minerales y otras materias primas, cualquier parte del mundo que posea 
mayor producibilidad en el suministro de estos articulos de necesidad 
ha de experimentar un marcado desarrollo. Las posibilidades agricolas 
casi ilimitadas de la Argentina han de colocarla a la misma cabeza del 
progreso futuro. 

El senor Burton prometio al reporter de "La Prensa" que antes de 
abandonar Sud America nos haria una exposicion mas detallada de sus 
observaciones en los paises que visita. 

Lo que el especialmente esperaba al visitar este continente era famili- 
arizarse mas con el pueblo del mismo a fin de confirmar sus im- 
presiones y fomentar las buenas relaciones entre el pueblo de los 
Estados Unidos y todas las Republicas sudamericanas. 

"Lo que se necesita," dijo, "no es meramente mayor comercio, sino 
una comprension mas perfecta y mayor conocimiento. Entre los princi- 
pales obstaculos con que se ha tropezado hasta ahora se encuentran las 
diferencias de idioma y la inferioridad de medios de comunicacion. El 
tiempo es seguro que destruira estos obstaculos. Hay ciertas grandes 
tendencias en la vida politica y comercial de los pueblos, que necesaria- 
mente resultan de las condiciones existentes. Una de estas es el desa- 



32 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

rrollo y creciente prosperidad y prominencia de los paises de Sud 
America. La otra es la existencia de vinculos mas estrechos y de una 
comprension mas perfecta entre estos paises y los Estados Unidos. 
Todo lo que se realice en este sentido sera en el mas alto grado de 
mutuo beneficio para los pueblos de ambos continentes." 

El ilustre viajero ha cumplido su promesa y nos ha enviado sus 
impresiones que publicamos a continuacion, acompanadas por la 
siguiente conceptuosa carta dirigida al director de La Prensa, sehor 
Ezequiel P. Paz : 

"A bordo del Verdi — Junio 17 de 1915. — Sehor Ezequiel P. Paz, 
director de La Prensa, Buenos Aires. — Mi estimado sehor Paz : Le 
adjunto la "interviu" que prometi al doctor Veronelli. Recuerdo 
nuestra visita a La Prensa, en compahia de usted, como uno de los 
mas agradables episodios de mi viaje por Sud America. Sinceramente 
le deseo a usted y a su diario el mas grande exito, acompahandome en 
este deseo el juez Schoenrich y Mr. Wilson. Abandono Sud America 
con interes creciente en su pueblo y mayor confianza en su porvenir. 
Soy de usted muy atentamente. — (Firmado) : Theodore E. Burton." 

La visita a Panama y siete paises de Sud America ha confirmado 
mas aun la conviccion que he expresado frecuentement en mi pais 
de que las relaciones entre los Estados Unidos y todos los paises de 
este continente Sur estan llamadas a ser mucho mas amistosas, como 
tambien que el comercio entre ellas asumira proporciones considerable- 
mente mayores. 

Se llevan a cabo actualmente poderosos movimientos en este sentido 
y es seguro que produciran en el futuro grandes resultados beneficos. 

Seria vano no tomar en cuenta los obstaculos para la amistad, que 
en el pasado han sido causa de cierta resistencia y desconfianza, obsta- 
culos que en cierta medida deben existir en la misma naturaleza de 
las cosas. Hay diferencias de raza, tradiciones e ideales. Al mismo 
tiempo debo reconocer que hay dos errores predominantes entre mis 
compatriotas ; uno que atribuye una influencia demasiado grande a 
los originales colonizadores europeos de la America latina. Estas 
republicas se caracterizan cada vez mas por una civilizacion propia, 
resultado de su medio ambiente, de su desenvolvimiento politico y de 
las diversas ramas de la raza humana que forman su poblacion. 

El otro error es el que clasifica a todos los pueblos situados al Sur 
de nosotros en un solo conjunto, como si todos ellos fueran de igual 
tipo, sin tomar en cuenta sus diversas cualidades y el grado diferente 
de adelanto. 

En segundo lugar. la diferencia de idioma y literatura se interpone 
en el camino de una comprension mas perfecta. Ademas. existe el 
peligro de la desconfianza, sentimiento que a menudo se despierta entre 
los paises mas pequehos en relacion a uno mas grande. Es probable 
que se produzcan desfavorables conjeturas y pronosticos respecto a 
las intenciones de la nacion mas importante, un temor basado en la 
creencia de que extendera sus limites y su influencia a expensas de las 
mas pequefias. Y por ultimo, hay el obstaculo de la distancia que es 
uno de los mas serios, al cual debe anadirse los medios de comunica- 
cion inferiores. Los viajeros de uno a otro pais conocen bien esta 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 33 

desventaja. La comunicacion por correo y telegrafo no esta a la altura 
que seria de desear. Las lineas de comunicacion mas utilizadas en los 
Estados Unidos han sido las de Este a Oeste, y el desarrollo de las 
de Norte a Sur han recibido escasa atencion. 

En contra de estos obstaculos debemos enumerar la herencia comun 
que poseemos de gobierno popular, constituciones y formas de ad- 
ministracion que en su origen fueron distintas de las de otras partes 
del mundo. 

Tiene que existir seguramente un sentimiento comun entre aquellas 
que estan animadas por los mismos sentimientos respecto a la libertad 
individual y fiscalizacion popular de las acciones del gobierno. 

Las Republicas de Sud America pueden unirse con la de los Estados 
Unidos para declarar que durante un siglo ha habido una 
activa simpatia entre ellas en la promocion de ideas politicas 
que el mundo entero va aceptando cada dia mas. Debe tambien tenerse 
presente que, aun cuando no haya magia en el nombre de America y 
todas las naciones que la forman deseen mantener relaciones amistosas 
con los paises europeos, existe una creciente conviction de que no solo 
es el nuevo mundo geograficamente distinto, sino que todos sus habi- 
tantes tienen un destino comun, similares intereses y deben estar unidos 
por lazos de excepcional amistad. 

En cuanto a las diferencias del idioma, literatura y tradiciones, el 
mundo esta rapidamente convirtiendose en mas cosmopolita, y aun las 
naciones mas avanzadas deben sentir que el progreso se f omenta mejor 
no obligando a la adoption de los mismos modelos, sino evitando todo 
sentimiento de superioridad y con una completa realization de que ni 
los pueblos del mundo ni sus formas de gobierno pueden ser fundidos 
en el mismo molde. 

El contacto con otros pueblos de diferentes ideales y metodos esti- 
mula el crecimiento y ensancha el horizonte mental, y asi, en vez de 
mirar con desden a los de diferentes tradiciones y civilization, el 
mundo moderno obtiene gran ventaja por el estudio de las diversas 
condiciones y sentimientos de las otras nacionalidades. 

Se ven signos de mayor cooperation y relaciones mas estrechas en el 
hecho de que tanto los paises del Norte como los del Sur se miran 
mutuamente con mucho mayor interes que antes. 

Esto sucede especialmente ahora que casi toda la Europa esta en- 
vuelta en guerra. Es ya grande el numero de personas que en los 
Estados Unidos estan aprendiendo esp-.flol y portugues. Aquellos 
dedicados a empresas comerciales y financieras vuelven sus miradas 
mas que antes hacia Sud America, reconociendo que el comercio ex- 
tranjero no puede ser un mero incidente o una empresa secundaria, 
sino que debe ser llevado adelante como una linea definida de 
esfuerzos. 

El pueblo de los Estados Unidos ha estado durante generaciones 
especialmente ocupado con su desenvolvimiento interno. Se nota 
ahora una tendencia a prestar cada vez mas atencion a los negocios 
relacionados con otros paises. En ninguna parte hay un campo tan 
prometedor como en Sud America. Las relaciones diplomaticas y 
todas las asociaciones entre las naciones son en gran parte formadas 



34 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

por las consideraciones comerciales, y el movimiento pendiente para 
el aumento del comercio debe crear nuevas condiciones que afecten 
los lazos entre los Estados Unidos y Sud America. 

Es casi innecesario dar seguridades de que el pueblo de los Estados 
Unidos no tiene ambiciones de expansion territorial en Sud America. 
De vez en cuando algunos de nuestros ciudadanos ambiciosos de ex- 
pansion pronuncia un discurso inspirado en opuesta direccion ; pero 
ese no es el sentimiento general ni dominante del pueblo de los Estados 
Unidos. El Presidente Roosevelt dijo en uno de sus mensajes que 
"habia llegado a prevalecer la idea de que nuestra afirmacion de la 
doctrina Monroe implicaba o llevaba en si una arrogacion de supe- 
rioridad y de derecho a ejercer alguna clase de protectorado sobre los 
paises a cuyo territorio se aplicaba esa doctrina. Nada podia estar 
mas lejos de la verdad.'' 

Lo que deseamos como pueblo es el progreso y prosperidad de las 
republicas situadas al Sur de nosotros ; que ellas, con nosotros, puedan 
compartir un crecimiento comun en la mas amplia perspectiva y mayor 
riqueza y prosperidad que son la buena fortuna de todas las naciones 
progresistas en esta era. 

El crecimiento de cada una de ellas ayudara a todas las demas. El 
peligro norteamericano es un mito. 

Ya se ha realizado un solido progreso. En varias ciudades de Sud 
America se han establecido instituciones bancarias con capital ameri- 
cano. Las visitas de ciudadanos de ambos continentes, oficiales y 
particulars, han propendido a fomentar una mejor inteligencia. 

Comerciantes y manufactureros estan explorando el terreno para 
empresas. 

Grandes delegaciones de ciudadanos se han trasladado, no solo de 
los Estados Unidos al Sur, sino de diversos paises meridionales al 
Norte. La Union Panamericana, que tiene su sede en Washington, ha 
conseguido muy notables resultados bajo la energica y habil direccion 
de Mr. John Barrett. 

Una de las primeras condiciones esenciales requeridas es una comu- 
nicacion regular y mas rapida entre los puertos de los Estados Unidos 
y los de Sud America. Nunca se insistira lo bastante en esto. 

El transporte de la correspondencia se caracteriza por la demora e 
incertidumbre. La comunicacion telegrafica es muy costosa. Los 
pasajeros que quieren emprender el viaje en esa direccion se ven a 
menudo obligados por la necesidad a contentarse con comodidades in- 
feriores y por la inseguridad de las fechas en que puede hacerse el 
viaje. Aun cuando no me siento inclinado a abogar por un subsidio 
general para los buques de carga, seria un politica muy provechosa 
para los Estados Unidos asociarse en la concesion de una generosa 
compensation a una linea o lineas de vapores correos y de pasajeros 
que acercarian los puertos del Norte y Sur. 

Hay una lamentable ignorancia en los dos continentes de la historia 
y geografia respectivas. Esto es igualmente cierto respecto a las 
condiciones sociales y economicas. No creo que muchos de los estu- 
diantes de nuestras escuelas o colegios superiores puedan nombrar dos 
o tal vez uno de los presidentes de las Republicas sudamericanas. Esto 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 35 

puede remediarse en gran parte por medio de la preparacion de libros 
en cada uno de los idiomas hablados, que den en forma popular y a 
precios razonables la informacion mas esencial. Tendrian aplicacion 
en muchas de nuestras instituciones educacionales. Estoy seguro que 
libros en idioma espafiol y tambien con traducciones al ingles, dando 
extractos de las obras de los principales autores y oradores sudameri- 
canos, con unos breves datos biograficos de cada uno de ellos, obten- 
drian un numero muy grande de lectores. Obras similares en lengua 
francesa han alcanzado gran venta durante afios. 

Otra conclusion que es inevitable es que en los afios venideros, Sud 
America vera un crecimiento mas rapido que el pasado y probable- 
mente mas rapido que ningun otro continente. Para esto hay varias 
razones fundamentales. Primero : este continente posee una mayor 
variedad de recursos minerales y agricolas que todos los otros. No se 
debe esto tanto a la gran diversidad de climas indicados por los parale- 
los de latitud cuanto a la existencia de vastas regiones de altiplanicies 
contrastando con anchas extensiones delante de la costa y grandes 
llanuras fertiles interiores. La diversidad de los recursos minerales 
en la region de los Andes es otra razon. Segundo: las tierras fertiles 
mas ventajosas y las minas mas productoras, dondequiera que se hayan 
encontrado, han sido rapidamente tomadas durante el ultimo medio 
siglo. La presion que ejerce la poblacion y el aumento del consumo 
sobre los medios de subsistencia se sienten fuertemente y se mani- 
fiestan de suyo en la escasez creciente y costo de muchos articulos de 
necesidad, especialmente en el renglon de los alimentos. En Sud 
America mas que en ninguna otra parte quedan tierras y minas 
inexplotadas. 

La experiencia ha demostrado que las empresas para el aumento de 
produccion se manifiestan mas bien en el establecimiento de nuevas 
areas que en los metodos o cultivos intensivos. 

Las estadisticas recientes de exportacion e importacion denotan un 
aumento mayor del porciento en Sud America que en ninguna otra 
gran division del globo. Esta es una segura indication de que existen 
las tendencias que he descrito. 

Las necesidades especiales de Sud America son capital, medios de 
transporte, inmigracion y saneamiento. El conservatismo, la falta 
de correcta comprension, los defectos'en el cumplimiento de las fun- 
ciones de gobierno, pueden demorar, pero no posponer las adecuadas 
disposiciones para la provision de todas estas necesidades. 

Las mas fructiferas compensaciones en aumento de riqueza, pobla- 
cion y mejora de la condition material, perteneceran a los paises que 
desplieguen el mayor grado de iniciativa y energia y mantengan la 
mas perfecta administration. Puede creerse confiadamente que al 
af orismo "el mas apto sobrevive" sera aplicado no tanto al mas fuerte 
en poder militar, sino a aquellos cuya politica conceda mayor impor- 
tancia al fomento de las relaciones pacificas entre las naciones y al 
progreso social y economico. 



36 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

[Translation.] 

Mr. Burton, on leaving Buenos Aires on May 11 for Montevideo, 
expressed regret that his stay in the city had been limited to one 
week. He stated, however, that the exigencies of his trip required 
him to leave earlier than he had intended. He, as well as his com- 
panions, Judge Schoenrich and Mr. Wilson, talked very enthusiastically 
about the city of Buenos Aires, and Mr. Burton said few realize the 
magnitude or progressive tendencies of this great capital. He added 
that his journey through South America had confirmed the opinion to 
which he had frequently given voice in the United States, that in the 
coming years the development of the South American republics in 
production, material wealth and very likely in population, will be very 
rapid. In view of the increasing demand for cereals, for meat and 
various minerals and other raw materials, any portion of the whole 
world which has superior productiveness in furnishing these requisites 
will experience a very marked growth. The almost unlimited agri- 
cultural possibilities of Argentina must place it in the very forefront 
in future progress. 

He promised the La Prensa reporter before leaving South America to 
give a more detailed statement of his observations in the countries 
which he is visiting. What he had especially hoped in visiting this 
continent was to become more familiar with its people, to confirm his 
impressions, and to promote the best of relations between the people 
of the United States and all the South American republics. "It is not 
merely larger trade," he said, "which is needed, but a more perfect 
understanding and a better acquaintance. Among the chief obstacles 
in the way have been differences of language and inferior means of 
communication. Time is sure to remove these obstacles. There are 
certain great tendencies in the political and commercial life of peoples, 
which must result from existing conditions. One of these is the 
growth and increased prosperity and prominence of the countries of 
South America. The other is closer bonds and a more perfect under- 
standing between these countries and the United States. Whatever 
mav be accomplished in these directions will in the highest degree be 
mutually beneficial to the people of both continents." 



Subsequently Mr. Burton transmitted to La Prensa the following 
statement under date of June 11 : 

A visit to Panama and seven countries of South America strongly 
confirms a conviction which I have frequently expressed at home that 
much more friendly relations are destined to exist between the United 
States and all the countries of this Southern continent ; also that trade 
between them will assume greatly increased proportions. Potent move- 
ments in these directions are now in operation and are sure to bring 
larger and more beneficent results in the future. 

It would be futile to overlook the obstacles to friendship, which 
have caused a certain amount of repulsion and distrust in the past, 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 37 

obstacles which must in some measure exist in the very nature of 
things. There are differences in race, traditions and ideals. At the 
same time I must admit that there are two errors which are prevalent 
among my countrymen ; one ascribes too great an influence to the 
original European settlers of Latin America. These republics are 
more and more characterized by a civilization of their own, resulting 
from their environment, their political development, and the various 
branches of the human race which make up their population. 

The other error would classify all the peoples to the South of us 
in the aggregate, as if they were all of the same type, without taking 
into account their diverse qualities and unequal degree of advancement. 

In the second place dissimilarities in language and in literature stand 
in the way of a more perfect understanding. Again, there is danger 
from a sentiment of distrust which often arises among smaller coun- 
tries in relation to a larger. It is likely that there will be unfavorable 
conjectures and forecasts of the intentions of the larger nation, a fear 
that it will extend its borders and its influence at the expense of 
smaller ones. Last of all, there is the handicap of distance, which is 
one of the most serious, to which must be added inferior means of 
communication. The visitors from one country to another are keenly 
aware of this disadvantage. Communication by mail and by tele- 
graph is much below that which is desirable. The lines of communi- 
cation most utilized in the United States have been those from east 
to west, and the development from north to south has received only 
scant attention. 

Over against these obstacles must be enumerated the common heri- 
tage of popular government, of constitutions and forms of administra- 
tion which in their origin were distinct from those of other portions 
of the world. There is sure to be a common feeling among those 
actuated by the same sentiments relating to the liberty of the individual 
and popular control of the agencies of government. The republics of 
South America may join with that of the United States in the claim 
that during a century there has been active sympathy between them in 
promoting political ideas which the whole world is more and more 
accepting. Then, too, while there may be no magic in the common 
name of America and all its nations desire amicable relations with 
European countries, there is an increasing conviction that not only is 
the new world geographically distinct, but that all its people have a 
common destiny and similar interests and should be bound together 
by ties of exceptional friendliness. 

As regards differences of language, literature and of traditions, the 
world is rapidly becoming more cosmopolitan, and even the most 
advanced nations must feel that progress is best promoted not by com- 
pelling the adoption of the same standards, but by the absence of any 
feeling of superiority and a full realization that neither the peoples of 
the world nor their forms of government can all be cast in the same 
mould. Contact with other peoples of different ideals and methods 
stimulates growth and broadens the mental horizon, and thus, instead 
of looking askance upon those of different traditions and civilization, 



38 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

the modern world gains great advantage by a study of the diverse 
conditions and sentiments of various nationalities. 

Indications of increased cooperation and closer relations are to be 
found in that the countries of both the north and the south are look- 
ing to each other with much greater interest than ever before. This 
is especially true now that nearly all of Europe is engaged in warfare. 
There are very many in the United States who are learning the 
Spanish and Portuguese languages. Those engaged in financial and 
commercial enterprises more than ever before are looking to South 
America, recognizing that foreign trade can not be a mere incident 
or by-enterprise, but must be prosecuted as a distinct line of endeavor. 
The people of the United States have for generations been especially 
occupied with their domestic development. Now it is apparent that 
more and more attention must be paid to business connections with 
other countries. Nowhere is the field so promising as in South Amer- 
ica. Diplomatic relations and all associations between nations are 
largely shaped by considerations of commerce, and the pending move- 
ment for increased trade must create new conditions affecting the ties 
between the United States and South America. 

It is hardly necessary to give the assurance that the people of the 
United States have no ambitions for territorial expansion in South 
America. An occasional address is made by one of our citizens am- 
bitious for expansion, which points in the opposite direction, but that is 
not the general, indeed the overwhelming sentiment of the people of the 
United States. President Roosevelt said in one of his messages that 
"an idea had become prevalent that our assertion of the Monroe doc- 
trine implied or carried with it an assumption of superiority and of a 
right to exercise some kind of a protectorate over the countries to 
whose territory that doctrine applies. Nothing could be farther from 
the truth." What we desire as a people is the progress and prosperity 
of the republics to the south of us, that they, with us, may share a 
common growth in the broader outlook and greater wealth and pros- 
perity which are the good fortune of all progressive nations in this 
era. The growth of each will help all the rest. The North American 
peril is a myth. 

Substantial progress has already been made. Banking institutions 
with American capital have been established in several cities of South 
America. Visits by citizens of both continents, officials and others, 
have tended to promote a better understanding. Traders and manu- 
facturers are exploring fields for enterprise. Large delegations of 
citizens have traveled not only from the United States to the south, 
but from various southern countries to the north. The Pan-American 
Union having headquarters at Washington has achieved most notable 
results under the able and energetic leadership of Mr. John Barrett. 

One of the first essentials required is regular and faster communi- 
cation between the ports of the United States and those of South 
America. This can not be too strongly emphasized. The transmission 
of mails is characterized by delay and uncertainty. Telegraphic com- 



SENATOR BURTON'S TRIP TO SOUTH AMERICA 39 

munication is very expensive. Passengers who seek to make the trip 
are often confronted by the necessity of contenting themselves with 
inferior accommodations and by uncertainty as to the dates on which 
the journey can be made. "While I do not feel ready to advocate a 
general subsidy for cargo carrying ships, it would be a most helpful 
policy for the United States to join in granting generous compensation 
for a line or lines of mail and passenger steamers which will bring the 
ports of the north and south nearer together. 

There is a regrettable ignorance in each continent of the history 
and geography of the other. This is also true of social and economic 
conditions. I do not believe many of the students in our schools or 
colleges could name two or perhaps one of the presidents of South 
American republics. This can be remedied in great part by the prepa- 
ration of books in each of the languages spoken, giving briefly in 
popular form and at reasonable prices the most essential information. 
They would have use in many of our educational institutions. I am 
sure that books in the Spanish language and in English translations 
also, giving extracts from the works of leading South American 
authors and orators, with a brief biographical sketch of each, would 
have a very considerable number of readers. Similar works in the 
French language have for years enjoyed a large sale. 

Another conclusion which is inevitable is that in coming years 
South America will witness a growth more rapid than in the past and 
probably more rapid than that of any other continent. For this there 
are several^ fundamental reasons. First, this continent possesses a 
greater variety of mineral and agricultural resources than any other. 
This is due not so much to the great variety of climate indicated by 
parallels of latitude as to the existence of wide plateau regions, con- 
trasted with broad stretches fronting on the coast and large interior 
fertile plains. The diversity of mineral resources in the Andes region 
is another reason. Second, the most available fertile lands and pro- 
ductive mines, wherever found, have been rapidly taken up during the 
last half century. The pressure of population and increased con- 
sumption upon means of subsistence is keenly felt and is manifesting 
itself in the growing scarcity and cost of many commodities, especially 
those used for food. More of lands and of mines remain unexploited 
in South America than anywhere else. 

It is a matter of past experience that undertakings for increased 
production manifest themselves more in the settlement of new areas 
than in intensive cultivation or methods. 

Recent statistics of exports and imports show a larger increase of 
percentages in South America than in any other grand division of the 
globe. This is a safe indication of the existence of tendencies which 
I have outlined. 

The special needs of South America are capital, transportation, im- 
migration, and sanitation. Conservatism, lack of correct understand- 
ing, defects in the performance of the functions of government, may 
delay but can not long postpone adequate provision for all these needs. 

The richest rewards of increase in wealth, population and improved 



40 CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

material condition, will belong to those countries which display the 
greatest degree of initiative and energy and maintain the most perfect 
administration. It may be confidently believed that the saying "the 
fittest survive" will apply not so much to the strongest in military force, 
as to those whose policies ascribe supreme importance to the promo- 
tion of peaceful relations among nations and to social and economic 
progress. 



Continued from second page of cover 

No. 5 The Hague Conventions of 1899 (II) and 1907 (IV) respect- 
ing the Laws and Customs of War on Land. 

No. 6 The Hague Conventions of 1899 (III) and 1907 (X) for the 
Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the 
Geneva Convention. 

No. 7 The Hague Declarations of 1899 (IV, 1) and 1907 (XIV) Pro- 
hibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from 
Balloons. 

No. 8 The Hague Declaration (IV, 2) of 1899 concerning Asphyxia- 
ting Gases. 

No. 9 The Hague Declaration (IV, 3) of 1899 concerning Expand- 
ing Bullets. 

No. 10 The Final Acts of the First and Second Hague Peace Con- 
ferences, together with the Draft Convention on a 
Judicial Arbitration Court. 

No. 11 The Hague Convention (II) of 1907 respecting the Limitation 
of the Employment of Force for the Recovery of Con- 
tract Debts. 

No. 12 The Hague Convention (III) of 1907 relative to the Opening 

of Hostilities. 
No. 13 The Hague Convention (V) of 1907 respecting the Rights and 

Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War 

on Land. 

No. 14 The Hague Convention (VI) of 1907 ,relating to the Status 
of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of 
Hostilities. 

No. 15 The Hague Convention (VII) of 1907 relating to the Con- 
version of Merchant Ships into War-ships. 

No. 16 The Hague Convention (VIII) of 1907 relative to the Laying 
of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines. 

No. 17 The Hague Convention (IX) of 1907 concerning Bombardment 
by Naval Forces in Time of War. 

No. 18 The Hague Convention (XI) of 1907 relative to Certain Re- 
strictions with regard to the Exercise of the Right of 
Capture in Naval War. 

No. 19 The Hague Convention (XII) of 1907 relative to the Creation 
of an International Prize Court. 

No. 20 The Hague Convention (XIII) of 1907 concerning the Rights 
and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War. 



*The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907, Accom- 
panied by Tables of Signatures, Ratifications and Adhesions 
of the Various Powers and Texts of Reservations. Edited 
by James Brown Scott, LL.D. Price $1.00. 



Publications marked (*) are sold by the American Branch of the 
Oxford University Press, 35 West 32nd Street, New York, N. Y. 

Publications marked (f) are out of print 

All other publications listed may be obtained gratuitously by address- 
ing the Secretary of the Endowment, 2 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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